Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) present a unique capacity to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into higher-energy visible light. This phenomenon has led extensive investigation in numerous fields, including biomedical imaging, therapeutics, and optoelectronics. However, the probable toxicity of UCNPs presents considerable concerns that demand th

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanocrystals with unique optical and electronic properties that make them highly desirable for a variety of applications. However, their full potential can be further leveraged by tailoring their surfaces to achieve specific functionalities. Surface modification allows for the introduction of functional groups